At this point you might be wondering why the heck there are so many translator layers between you and the hardware.

Well, this architecture follows the most basic principle of UNIX development:

The developers of UNIX realised that several pieces which each do their one job well and know how to cooperate is a much better way to design software than to create one monolithic, all-knowing monster which is always breaking out of its cage and doing unpredictable and destructive things.

Thus, in UNIX, the hardware can focus solely on electronics, the kernel can focus on talking to the hardware and the shell can focus on talking to the user. Each piece has a limited task so it is able to that one task with efficiency and simplicity.

Of course, nothing is ever as simple as it is in theory. Though you will always use a shell when you are doing your work, "which" shell you will use will depend on the system you are working on. There are several basic command-line shells in use today and each has a slightly different interface and capabilities. Fortunately, they do share most of the same generic properties so it is fairly easy to switch between them.

The first UNIX shell was the Bourne Shell which is commonly abbreviated as "sh". Though this is the default shell which comes with every version of UNIX, it is the oldest and least shnazy of the shells since it has not been modified in several decades and has thus not kept up with interface advances.

The C Shell was created next at Berkeley and added several cool features like command line editing and history management. Unfortunately it was not particularly compatible with the Bourne Shell.

The Korn came next to take the good from both the C Shell and the Bourne Shell.

At any rate, by now there are quite a few standard shells as well as a host of proprietary ones. The following table lists the ones you will most often see

Name	Abbreviation	Info
Bourne Shell	sh	The oldest of the shells which was designed by Steve Bourne. It is considered a bit primitive but very good for scripting.
C Shell	csh	The C Shell is probably the most popular. However, though it adds many nice features (like history and job control) unavailable in the Bourne Shell, it is quite buggy for heavy users.
Korn Shell	ksh	David Korn wrote this shell to be compatible with the Bourne Shell but include te cool features introduced by the C Shell. However, it did the C Shell one step further and introduced history editing.
Bourne Again Shell	bash	Similar to the Korn Shell but with some additional features like a built in help command.
tcsh	tsch	An extended version of the C Shell with the features introduced by ksh and bash.

It is most likely that any UNIX system you use will have several or all of the shells installed so you can choose whichever one you are most comfortable with. The main thing to remember is that you should choose one that has the features which help you do your own special kind of work. Spend some time playing with each shell to see what they offer and how they differ.

However, it remains to be seen what you actually do with the shell. Well, the most basic activity is that of executing utilities. Let's examine utilities.